afferent pupillary defects การใช้

• The patient experiences a loss of visual acuity, visual field defect, afferent pupillary defect, and loss of color vision.
• Presence of an afferent pupillary defect, decreased color vision, and visual field loss ( often central ) are suggestive of optic neuritis.
• If they slowly grow, optic nerve melanocytoma can produce afferent pupillary defects ( 30 % ), subretinal fluid ( 10 % ), and an enlarged blind spot ( 75 % ).
• Papillitis can be differentiated from papilledema by an afferent pupillary defect ( Marcus Gunn pupil ), by its greater effect in decreasing visual acuity and color vision, and by the presence of a central scotoma.
• Anterior ION presents with sudden, painless visual loss developing over hours to days . Examination findings usually include decreased visual acuity, a visual field defect, color vision loss, a relative afferent pupillary defect, and a swollen optic nerve head.
• Signs and symptoms of acute optic neuropathy include painless loss of vision which may affect either one or both eyes, reduced visual acuity, reduced color vision, relative afferent pupillary defect, central scotoma, swollen optic disc, macular edema, or retrobulbar pain.
• "' Relative afferent pupillary defect "'( "'RAPD "') or "'Marcus Gunn pupil "'is a medical sign observed during the swinging-flashlight test whereupon the patient's pupils constrict less ( therefore appearing to dilate ) when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye.
• When the test is performed in an eye with an afferent pupillary defect, light directed in the affected eye will cause only mild constriction of both pupils ( due to decreased response to light from the afferent defect ), while light in the unaffected eye will cause a normal constriction of both pupils ( due to an intact efferent path, and an intact consensual pupillary reflex ).